Alphen,
Netherlands. 20 February. HMS Dreadnought at a stroke condemned every
other battleship on the planet to the scrapyard.
Launched in 1906 she represented a revolutionary step change in ship
design combining big guns and new Parsons steam turbines with heavy armour in
such a way that she could out-gun, out-pace and out-protect any battleship
afloat. Is warfare about to encounter
another Dreadnought moment – an XBox Dreadnought?
Two events in the past
few weeks suggest for once that a real revolution in military affairs may be
starting; a step change in the relationship between technology, force and
effect that will profoundly impact strategy, tactics and doctrine. Yesterday, American
computer security firm Mandiant identified a building in Shanghai as the source
of 147 cyber-attacks on the US as Unit 61398 of the Chinese People’s Liberation
Army. Recent protests at the
Senate confirmation hearings of CIA Director-elect John Brennan demonstrated
the growing unease amongst human rights activists and legal scholars about the
use of drones by US forces. Both reports
miss the essential point for taken together cyber and drones represent nothing
less than future war.
Drones first. They offer a cheaper alternative to sending
armies into difficult places during unpopular wars. For hard-pressed political and military
leaders exerting influence at low cost is an attractive option. Ironically, the issue of actual comparative cost
is not one that works today when compared to the use of manned aircraft. It is a difficult comparison to make but several
studies, including a 2007 study led your Blogonaut, suggest that drone costs
per flight hour are not much cheaper than manned fighters or Apache attack
helicopters. The cost of the electronics
is roughly similar and although there are savings in weight and there being no
need to provide safety systems to support a pilot drones are not very effective
in complex combat scenarios.
However, whilst the
operational flexibility they afford commanders may as yet be limited what
matters is the ever growing distance between target and operator to the point
where the latter is to all intents and purposes invulnerable. And this is just the beginning. Exactly the same can be said for cyber-attacks. Clearly cyber and drones are here to stay as
the market for the capability (both military and commercial) is booming and diversifying.
Take cyber and drone technology
together and the dawn of robot wars is a future that is not too hard to
imagine. This does not for a moment
suggest that traditional platforms such as ships, aircraft and armoured vehicles
will be rendered obsolete on the battlefield.
Rather, they will need to be seen as increasingly robotic (and
upgradeable) platforms that are part of a battlefield so large and so remote
that the distinction that Clausewitz made between strategy and tactics could
become nigh on irrelevant.
For the West it could
be an opportunity to offset the high cost/low numbers problem all Western
militaries face in which manoeuvre is only achieved at the expense of
mass. For Asian and other actors it
could offer the chance to offset American technological advantage. The ancient Chinese warrior-philosopher Sun
Tzu said that “the supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting”.
As yet no strategic concept
worthy of the name has been crafted that incorporates concept, command, cyber, drones
and platforms into a new way of warfare.
When that idea comes the XBox Dreadnought will be reality.
The purpose of HMS
Dreadnought was to make the cost for Germany of competing with the Royal Navy
so high as to render a naval arms race impossible. On the face of it the gamble failed. In fact, Germany was never able to match the
British given Berlin’s focus on land power. Indeed, the thing about the Dreadnought was
not the fact of new technology, but rather the way it was combined and the impact
it had on naval strategy, tactics and doctrine.
This culminated in the May 1916 Battle of Jutland when the British and
German battle-fleets clashed in the greatest sea battle in history in a way
that would have been unimaginable even a decade prior. And, whilst the tactical outcome of Jutland
is contested the strategic victory it afforded the British is clear. The naval blockade that did so much to force
Germany’s 1918 submission was confirmed by Jutland.
Karl von Clausewitz said the overriding aim of war is to disarm the
enemy. Taken together cyber and drone
technology suggest small beginnings for a very big and possibly dangerous
future as the gap between action and effect is lengthened. Given today’s strategic landscape historians
may look back on this period as the true beginning of a form of robotic warfare.
One thing is clear –
the eye in the sky and the ear in the ether is here to stay. The race is now on for the XBox Dreadnought.
Julian Lindley-French
